How do you put a number on how good a footballer is? This page covers the approaches we use beyond match actions — rating players' overall skill level, accounting for position, age, and the league they play in. A companion page covers action-level metrics like expected goals and assists.
Players and managers
Measuring player quality
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Latent-skill rating models
xV-style metrics value actions. A latent-skill rating values the player — a single (or low-dimensional) quantity meant to be portable across opponents, contexts, and seasons. Football's player-rating literature borrows heavily from basketball and chess.
Bayesian per-player ratings
Treat each player as a latent skill θ_p with a prior, observe minutes-weighted action values, fit by MCMC or variational inference. Partial pooling shrinks low-minutes players to position-and-age priors. The natural framing for a "career-stable" rating system. Few public implementations for football specifically; the framework is borrowed from baseball (Albert/Bennett-style models) and chess (Glickman).
Plus-Minus / Adjusted Plus-Minus
Originally an NBA tool. Regress goal difference per minute on a sparse design matrix where each player gets a +1 (on the pitch) or 0 column. Coefficients are per-player rating impacts. Two issues, both severe in football:
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